What Is Diabetes in Children?
Diabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels become elevated because the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin effectively.
The two main types that may affect children are:
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system damages insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Children with Type 1 diabetes need insulin treatment and ongoing monitoring.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not respond effectively to insulin and may eventually be unable to produce enough insulin. It can develop in children and teenagers as well as adults.
A healthcare professional can assess symptoms and test results to determine the likely type of diabetes and the appropriate next steps.
Common Symptoms of Diabetes in Children
Possible symptoms include:
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination, including bedwetting after a child was previously dry at night
- Unexplained weight loss
- Increased hunger
- Unusual tiredness
- Blurred vision
- Recurrent infections
Symptoms may develop quickly, particularly with Type 1 diabetes. Not every child experiences all symptoms.
How Is Diabetes Diagnosed in Children?
Diagnosis requires appropriate clinical assessment and blood glucose testing. Depending on the child's symptoms and circumstances, a healthcare professional may recommend:
- Blood glucose testing
- HbA1c testing when appropriate
- Ketone testing if urgently indicated
- Additional tests to help identify the type of diabetes
The choice of tests depends on the child's condition and the clinician's assessment. If Type 1 diabetes is suspected, urgent assessment may be necessary.
Managing Diabetes in Children
Childhood diabetes care must account for the child's age, development, daily routine, school activities, family circumstances, and clinical needs.
Insulin and Medication
Children with Type 1 diabetes require insulin. Treatment for Type 2 diabetes depends on the child's clinical circumstances and may include lifestyle support, medication, insulin, or other appropriate treatment.
Medication and insulin plans must be determined and reviewed by qualified healthcare professionals. Never change a child's prescribed treatment without medical guidance.
Blood Glucose Monitoring
Monitoring helps the care team and family understand blood glucose patterns. The recommended method and frequency depend on the child's treatment plan and individual needs.
Food and Nutrition
Children need sufficient nutrition to support growth and development. Dietary guidance should support blood glucose management without unnecessarily restricting a child's food intake or nutritional needs.
Physical Activity and School
Physical activity is an important part of many children's lives. Families, teachers, and caregivers may need guidance on recognising low blood glucose and following the child's individual care plan during school, sports, and other activities.
Family and Caregiver Support
Parents and caregivers often play an important role in medication management, monitoring, appointments, and recognising symptoms that require attention.
Education and communication with the child's healthcare team can help families understand the care plan and respond to changing needs.
Possible Complications and Follow-Up
Ongoing diabetes care helps the clinical team monitor blood glucose management, growth, development, and potential complications.
The assessments and screening schedule depend on the child's age, diabetes type, duration of the condition, and individual clinical needs.
When Should Parents Seek Medical Advice?
Contact a healthcare professional promptly if your child has symptoms that may indicate diabetes, unexplained changes in weight, increased thirst, or frequent urination.